Juvenile Delinquency - Week 7 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Juvenile Delinquency - Week 7 - Coursework Example Availability of Death Penalty as an authorized sentence: There is no death penalty in juvenile court system while there is death penalty for certain serious crimes under certain circumstances in the adult court system. The juveniles are excused from death sentencing because of their emotional immaturity as well as lessened culpability unlike adults who are mature and cognisantly do wrong. Jury trial: Most of the states do not provide juveniles with the right for jury trial while adults have the right for jury trial. It is argued that if jury trial is warranted in juvenile court system then confidentiality shall be undermined, moreover, the proceedings may adversely destroy the idealistic prospect of an intimate (Feld & Schaefer, 2010). Rehabilitation effort: The main purpose of the juvenile court system is rehabilitation of the offender while in the adult system it is punishment. Rehabilitation of the juveniles is targeted to make them improve on their behavior by being taught by the state as well as the community. I think that there are enough significant differences in both the two-court system since they have delineated very useful rights that protect a juvenile. In essence, it is imperative to note that juveniles often break the law because of ignorance, emotional immaturity and lessened culpability. It is therefore, wise to separate their trial court from adults, who are often cognisantly aware of the law and break it

Gaggaet Essay Example for Free

Gaggaet Essay Kuma Maka Msenge wewe Unafirwa wewe Kuma wewe Your mum’s pussy Your gay Sexual intercourse of gay Your pussy What kinds of swear words do you use in your own language? Korean English Sexual intercourse Reproductive Organs Idiotic Animalize Malay Babi Pig One of the rudest word in Malaysia Malaysia is a Muslim country and Islam is restricted to pork. The religion has food restrictions according to their own dietary laws, which is â€Å"Halaal† Swahili Msenge Wewe Gay One of the rudest word in Tanzania Homosexuality is not forgived in Tanzania. It’s new to their culture. It is also defined as man is using you. Have you ever spotted some differences between the swear language women and men use? Men tend to use the rudest one. Men use swear words more than women do. -? To establish a masculine identity or to express group solidarity. Men tend to use more swear words related to sexual intercourse and reproductive organs than women do. Men (1) You’re a pussy, dick, jerk, cunt (2) What/Why/How/When the fuck Women (1) You’re a bitch, ass, shit (2) What/Why/How/When the hell Men (1) Unafirwa (2) Pumbaru (silly) Women (1) Malaya wewe (your bitch) (2) Mshenzi (nasty attitude and behavior) Men often use swear words to show or express friendliness ; Women don’t. Hey what the fuck?! How the fuck did you get here? Come and have a bite you dickhead. Why do language learners often find it easy to remember swear words in English? The brain treats swear words differently than other words. From a scientific research, swearing is a motor activity with a strong emotional content. This is one reason that most people remember swear words four times better than they do other words. Swear words trigger emotion. Effects from Mass media Books Society Trend Slang Thank You

Fingerprinting Kids :: essays research papers

Should parents voluntarily create detailed identification records(including fingerprints) on their children in anticipation of possiblerunaway problems or abductions? (1) Yes. You can never tell when terriblethings will happen to a child, so its best to be prepared. (2) No. Thevast majority of missing children are not abducted. Whether abducted ornot, fingerprinting will do no good. It wastes time and money and pushesus that much closer to the creation of the Orwellian National Data Centerthat Congress rejected fifteen years ago. BACKGROUND: As of early 1983, 11 states had launched programs tofingerprint children.( These were New York, Virginia, Florida, Georgia, NewJersey, California, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, Nebraska, Connecticut,Rhode Island, Kansas, Illinois, and Indiana.) Most of this activity wasstimulated by the passage of the Missing Children Act in October 1982.What the new law did was to legitimize the use of the FBI's nationalcomputer network,the National Crime Information Center (NCIC) fornon-criminal purposes. All of the programs are voluntary. In some cases the policedepartments retain the records, while in others the fingerprint cards areturned over to the parents for safekeeping. The apparent purpose of theprogram is to help provide positive identification to link either children picked up, or bodies recovered, with missing person notices. Every year about 1 million children are reported missing. Of thesemost, about 800,000, are away from home for less than two weeks. About150,000 of the total missing are abducted; of these two thirds are abductedby a divorced parent. Some of the reasons behind the missing children are not pretty.According to an article in Parade, "about 35 percent of runaways leave homebecause of incest, 53 percent because of physical neglect. The rest are"throwaways," children kicked out or simply abandoned by parents who moveaway. Every state has laws against incest, child abuse, abandonment, childpornography and the procuring of children, but they are rarely enforced." POINT: Conscientious parents should have their childrens' fingerprintsrecorded to help in the event of an abduction; they shouldn't wait until aftersomething terrible happens, but should take reasonable steps now. Thousands of children are runaways, and in many cases it is all butimpossible to determine clearly who they really are. People change, butfingerprints don't. Well-intentioned but misguided civil libertarians worryabout Big Brother. But they tend to overlook the obvious benefits of theprogram and concentrate on wildly imaginative fantasies about Big Brother.If they would come down to earth once in a while, and visit with and sharethe anguish of a family of an abducted child, they would quickly changetheir attitudes. Besides, in most cases the police do not keep the records,the parents do. COUNTERPOINT: Absent some showing that the fingerprinting will actuallyhelp keep children safe and help capture criminals who harm or abduct them,parents should refuse to have their children fingerprinted. In promotingthe child fingerprinting program, police officials tend to be vague abouthow the program will

Muddy Waters :: Blues Music

Blues as an art form gave Blacks a medium to manifest their feelings. Feelings ranging from humorous to silly to depressed. Fortunately for a entire genre of music, the only way for Mckinley Morganfield to express himself was through song. Morganfield better known as Muddy Waters became a legendary blues vocalist /guitarist. When the Blues industry saw commercial success many of its artists also saw rising fame. Muddy Waters enjoyed success in the industry up until and even after his death in 1983. Morganfield was born April 4, 1915 to Ollie Morganfield and Bertha Jones. He was born in Rollingfork, Mississippi. Near their two room shack in Rollingfork there was a creek, Deer Creek. As a youngster he used to play in the creek and get all dirty and muddy. It was at this point when his sisters gave him the nickname ‘Muddy Waters’. Bertha died when he was about three. After her death he had to move in with his grandmother in Clarksdale. Raised in Clarksdale, he also went to school there. He went to school until he was old enough to work in the fields. Much like all of the other field laborers Muddy Waters hollered in the fields to pass time or just to get things off of your chest. Waters would also teach himself to play instruments. When he was fifteen he knew how to play the harmonica and he would later teach himself the guitar. The young Waters followed in his fathers musician footsteps. He was part of a band at fifteen, with Scott Bowhandle on guitar and Sonny Simms playing the violin. They would play some Saturday nights in downtown Clarksdale and others he would sell fried fish on nights. And other nights he would watch the greats like Son House, Robert Johnson and Charlie Patton were great musical influences on Waters. The main influence on Waters was Son House, although Waters style of play was more similar to that of Robert Johnson. Muddy Waters was first recognized by word of mouth. Alan Lomax of The Library of Congress went to Clarksdale to r ecord Robert Johnson. But to his dismay, he found out that Robert Johnson was dead and had been for two years. The word on the street at that time led Lomax to Muddy Waters. Waters would record two songs with them in 1941, far before he became famous.

Fetac Level Customer Service

The hotel offers 104 superb bedrooms designed for guest comfort and relaxation, many with superb sews over the river and town. They have two penthouse suites known as the light and dark rooms offering luxury at its finest, ideal for special occasions. The Westport Hotel The Westport Hotel has been transformed into the hippest & liveliest luxury designer hotel in the region. After a major refurbishment in 2011, the Westport Hotel now attains the status as the most popular hotel in Dragonhead. The inviting exterior is that of sophistication and city reminiscence.Located in the very heart of Dragonhead it comprises of 27 tastefully decorated bedrooms all of different infatuations, flat screen televisions with cable channels and high speed internet access. The aim of the Westport Hotel is to make your stay one of comfort, enjoyment and relaxation. 2. Summary/Evaluation I The D Hotel I The Westport Hotel I Organization/Business Image I The image I got of the D Hotel was that it is a very middle of the road hotel. The d ©cord is standard and not very up-market. It is clean and tidy and felt very welcoming, making me want to stay there.I The image I got of the Westport Hotel was that It is very up-market, the lobby is spotlessly clean and the d ©cord is very high end. I think that the business image is better than that of the D Hotel. I Personal Presentation of Employees I The sales associate was wearing a black t-shirt and black trousers; I felt that she was well presented with regards to her the ends from dragging on the ground. I The sales associate was dressed in a black suit with a white shirt and no name tag. She was very well presented with minimal make-up and nicely groomed hair.The presentation of the staff is much better than that of the D Hotel. I Interpersonal Skills of Individual(s) Dealt With I I think the sales associate was very good at her Job; she was polite and welcoming and dad me feel like a valued customer. Her interpersonal skills were 100% better than those of the staff at the Westport Hotel. I The sales associate didn't do very well and I think she should consider another career path. She was impolite to me and seemed exasperated with my questions. She could improve on her manners towards customers.I Effective Handling of Enquiry I The sales associate was very efficient in handling my enquiry as she had a very good knowledge of the deals available to me. She was much more effective at handling my enquiry than the employee at the Westport Hotel. I The sales associate wasn't very efficient in handling my enquiry she made me feel like I was bothering her with stupid questions. I Ability of Employee to Present Information Accurately I The sales associate was brilliant she went through everything with me and explained what each price included making sure I knew what I was getting for my money.She was much better than the employee at the Westport Hotel. I Although I did eventually get the information I required the sales a ssociate didn't present it to me accurately as she Just scribbled some generic prices down onto a scrap of paper and thrust it into my hand before smiling me. I Overall Comment of Efficiency and Customer Service Delivered by the Organizations/Business I The only things that I found wrong were the fact that her trousers were far too long and she never offered me her name. Other than that it was a very good experience. My experience was much better than the one I had at the Westport Hotel.I The experience made me feel like the hotel didn't want me as a customer because I wouldn't fit their usual clientele, the sales associate was UN- friendly and rude and it made me not want to stay in the hotel. 3. Recommendations on Improving Customer Service The Only way I think that the D Hotel can improve on their customer service is to make sure that employees make the customers aware of their name so that they don't have to ask for it and to also make sure that employees are dressed in a more p rofessional manner with correctly tailored clothing.

Nuclear Weapons essays

Nuclear Weapons essays A group of junior high students assembled outside of their school early one morning. The teachers instructed the students to form lines facing towards the school when something caught one of the students eyes. Soon the other students noticed what appeared to be an airplane in the sky. They all pointed and jumped as they saw the aircraft fly overhead. The teachers then ordered the students to stop watching the plane and face the front. While the students looked away a bright blue flash appeared in the corner of their eyes. Then the whiteness came. The students were thrown from their positions, some for ten meters. The childrens clothes had been torn to rags from the intense heat and their skin hung from their bodies like their clothing. The children stumbled around, many of them intensely burned. One child began to wander off from the playground in search of his house. He approached a river where he jumped in to squelch the burning he felt throughout his body. He saw a ma n whose entire upper body was peeled of its skin, it hung from him like a half-peeled banana. There was a woman there whose eyes protruded from her sockets as if they were forcing themselves from her head. Fires burned all around, four to five meters high and more and more people came out of their houses (Takahasi). This event is a true story that took place on August 6th, 1945 during World War II. At 8:15 am an American B-29 named the Enola Gay dropped a three-meter long 20,000-ton atomic bomb named Little Boy on the city of Hiroshima, Japan. At the point of impact the temperature of the bomb was estimated at several millions of degrees Celsius and a fireball was created with a fifteen-meter radius. The bomb threw air and earth into the sky created a giant mushroom cloud. The top of the mushroom cloud itself reached to 17,000 meters. The bomb caused a huge shock wave, which demolished anything within its path. Th...

Biosafety Protocol essays

Biosafety Protocol essays Thesis statement: An international biosafety protocol should be created to establish and maintain control over the products designed I. The existing laws and regulations that govern the release of transgenic organisms are inadequate or nonexistent. A. The developed nations of the world are using regulations that were designed to control and monitor crops created with traditional B. Biotechnology is regulated by three different agencies. C. The undeveloped nations have virtually no regulations governing 1. This indicates that biotechnological research can and is being conducted in these countries without regulation. 2. There are many biotech companies based in developed countries that have branches or joint ventures around the world. II. The potential risks of transgenic organisms to the environment is A. Some experts warn that there is a danger that biotechnology can B. Biotechnology has the potential to harm the economies of some C. The last and possible the most important argument for an international biosafety protocol is in the name of ignorance and caution III. The United States, Germany, Japan, and Australia are the only countries opposed to the biosafety protocol. IV. The need for a change in the world of agriculture is undeniable. As the world moves closer to the 21st century, research and development in the area of biotechnology has increased dramatically. According to Bette Hileman of Chemical and Engineering News, the world population will increase by 3 billion people in the next thirty years while the amount of land available for agriculture cannot be greatly expanded. "Biotechnology - specifically that aspect involved in transferring genes from one species into the [DNA] of another - has the potential to alleviate . . ." (8) this and many other problems facing the world in the near future. Even though biotechnology has already shown dramatic r...

Immortal Belovid Beethoven essays

Immortal Belovid Beethoven essays Ludwig von Beethoven lived in the age that we now know as the Classical Period, which was around the early 19th century. It was known as this because of the particular type of music that was composed and played. This music was often simpler than earlier compositions and was thus more accessible to the lower and middle class citizens as they began to demand greater access to art and music. It was simple and catchy and meant that not only the minority of highly educated, upper class could listen to it. Music was not the only thing to be changing at this time. Some of the other changes included greater education for the lower classes, the industrial revolution was just starting, challenge to the idea of monarchy and above all the expansion of the Sciences. The classical Period was an exciting time to be living and saw many advances in human culture and the sciences. The classical period started around the late 18th century and continued through until the early 19th century. It was a pivotal time in the year that shaped our modern society and ways of thinking as well as appreciation of the arts. The Sciences also became prominent and this led to Newton defining the laws of Physics. The main cause behind this was the liberal thinking monarchs of the time as well as the disestablishment of these same monarchies in many countries. Often they were stripped of their powers but kept as symbolic families. During this time some of the greatest composers came to the attention of the public. These included Joseph Haydn (1732-1809) Austria, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756-91) Austria, Franz Schubert (1797-1828) Austria and Ludwig von Beethoven (1770-1827) Germany. These composers had great influence in the types of music that was listened to because of their compositions and they introduced a new style of music that is known as the Sonata. The Sonata was the name a classical composer would give to a work divided into several movements, played ...

Charles darwin Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

Charles darwin - Essay Example This governmental body has set safety standards which are to be followed by all the companies and the safety and health professionals have to ensure that these standards are being followed and obeyed by every company. The article â€Å"Importance of safety consideration in site layout and organization† is written by Anumba and Bishop. The article was published in the Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering in the year 1997. The article discusses the facts that generally at the time of laying out the site plan are ignored and it has been mentioned that these facts are very important to be considered in the practical implementation. It has been discussed that in general no company focusses much on safety methods that must be adopted. Here it has been mentioned that occupational safety and health professionals must keep a proper check on such companies and proper action must be taken against such companies (Anumba & Bishop, 1997). Safety and health professionals are responsible for planning out and formulating the rules and standards that are to be set for the employees. They have to first plan out a team of highly professional and experienced professionals which would work together as a team to formulate the points and rules and finalize them, then a team must be developed which would ensure that the rules and standards set by the agency are being implemented or not. While planning and formulating the rules it must be made sure that the rules that are being designed must be practically applicable and can be applied to all organizations and firms (Bailey, 2008). Each and every aspect regarding health care issues must be kept under consideration and all sorts of companies and firms must be kept in view while designing the rules and points of the act. It is the responsibility and duty of the health and safety professionals to design such rules and set such standards that each and every employee feels safe and secure while working in the workplace environment. Safety

Improvement of Wheel and Joint of Luggage Assignment

Improvement of Wheel and Joint of Luggage - Assignment Example This paper relates to the process of identifying the best materials for use in luggage wheels. Its aim is to investigate and propose alternative materials that can improve the durability of luggage wheels at competitive cost. Trends in Development of Wheeled Luggage Wheeled luggage is one of the innovations created to ease travel. Over the last one hundred years, there has been an increase in the number of people travelling across the world. This is because of technological breakthrough in aviation, sailing, and motor vehicle engineering. Travelers include students, tourists, and business executives. Wheeled luggage makes traveling very convenient. It makes it easy for travelers to tow their luggage easily without straining their backs. Today, there are various versions of wheeled luggage, which include duffel bags, carry-on bags, backpacks, and totes. They all aim at making travelling easier for people. Most of them have telescopic arms that allow travelers to tow the bag without be nding. The design of the luggage wheels is the weak link in the luggage design. Once the wheels are out of service, the luggage becomes cumbersome to carry. Most of them do not have features that allow travelers to carry them easily. The choice of material for the luggage wheels determines the degree of durability of the luggage. A well-designed luggage may become useless if its wheels break down regardless of the durability of the luggage. In this sense, the life of luggage depends on the durability of the wheels. Performance Specifications of Luggage Wheels There are three key conditions that luggage wheels need to meet in order to perform optimally. These are the ability to support the weight of the luggage, ability to handle torque and friction during motion, and the capacity to carry the full weigh of the luggage without collapsing. When the luggage is in motion, the entire weight of the luggage rests on the axles of the wheel. This means that the wheels require the capacity to support this weight without breaking. The popular models of the luggage have two wheels located axially. The design of the axle must take into account the forces acting in the wheels. Poor design or poor choice of material for the axle predisposes it to sagging. In this situation, the wheels can lose their alignment leading to increase in frictional forces leading to quicker wear and tear (Ashby and Jones 418). The second performance issue is that the wheel must be able to handle torque when the luggage is in motion. The specific requirement here is the capacity to retain rigidity (Ashby and Jones 419). The wheel must also handle the shear forces on the surface and body of the wheel without losing consistency. The third aspect that the wheel must handle satisfactorily is friction between the wheels and the axle. A poor design or choice of material for the wheel may lead to enlargement of the centre of the wheel. In summary, apart from environmental factors, a luggage wheel must mee t the following performance specifications. 1. Ability to support the entire weight of the luggage 2. Ability to withstand frictional forces at the axle 3. Ability to shear forces on t

Microeconomics Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Microeconomics - Research Proposal Example Microeconomics covers a rather broad area: demand and supply, indifference curve analysis, elasticity of supply and demand, production and cost, marginal analysis, market structure, pricing, and so on. This study will attempt to deal with the area of market structure which is very interesting because of its pervasiveness in our lives: Perfect competition, monopoly, monopolistic competition, and oligopoly. An understanding of market structure is essential not only for economists but also for individual businessmen and corporations, for it will help them greatly in dealing with numerous problems encountered in the competitive arena of business. The four major market structures often discussed by economists are perfect competition, which is production by numerous firms with identical/homogeneous products as well as the presence of conditions of free entry and exit; monopoly, which is production by a single firm; monopolistic competition, which is production by many firms with somewhat different or differentiated products; and oligopoly, which is production by several firms. Perfect competition is the ideal market condition envisioned by the great economist Adam Smith, and is often studied first because it is the easiest to understand and it can serve as starting point as well as a gauge by which to measure the performance of the other market structures. The demand curve of a perfectly competitive firm is horizontal because its output is but a small part of total production and it cannot affect the price. The conditions for perfect competition are: a) a large number of small firms and customers, b) homogeneity of product, c) freedom of entry and exit, and d) perfect information about available products and their prices. Many farming and fishing industries closely approximate perfect competition. At the other end of the spectrum is the

Managing for Innovation and Creativity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Managing for Innovation and Creativity - Essay Example Creativity and innovation are complementary values in business management. Creativity refers to an artistic outcome or result of the confluence of psychological and emotional dimension of such desire to ascertain business leverage in the market. Innovation, on the other hand, is effected only when all creative mechanism are maximized to take advantage of the rapidly changing and developing market. Innovative measures and creativity relate to some strategic process to unearth opportunities in unpredictable market. Innovation permeates the interfacing of the organization and its business environment. Such process involved planning which will detail some entrepreneurial conceptual framework; implement them and evaluate results to determine outcomes. Economists explained that every entrepreneur needs to be an innovator to see opportunities in market changes and can reinvent ways to attract customers or clients that will avail offered product or services. This are illustrated in strategie s about (a) how product’s quality is introduced to customers; (b) ideation of new method of production or service to satisfy customer’s needs, (c) developing access or opening doors in new potential market, (d) identification of raw materials suppliers who can offer competitive price for these utilities, and (d) business leadership and management as well as its expertise in managing performance. Such therefore require fundamental knowledge on management, marketing strategies and about business roles in order for a company to contribute economic growth to a nation through creativity and innovation. Meanwhile, creativity is essential in marketing activities: promotion, sell, branding, pricing and in strategically administering sales of products. This is an entrepreneurial skill that requires serious analysis in order for entrepreneurs to adapt to changes and developments. Creativity refers to what is trendy, new and the reinvented processes to challenge traditional and c ustomary business practice. It is about introducing a fresh perspective at products or services for customer acceptance and satisfaction.

Economics for Business and Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words - 2

Economics for Business and Management - Essay Example Market is a distributed system and can be effectively used in taking decisions. These people think so because they believe that the market based system can really attend to the features of new world system. The following issues are addressed by market system: The market system is responsible for supporting a dense set of social goals. Social goals of people also include taking resource allocation decisions by people. The participants take their investment decisions by quantifying the benefits perceived on each of the investment options. It is the market that provides its participants initiatives to take the decisions wisely. Thus market system is such that it helps the investors maximise the overall value and take efficient investment decision. The prevalence of a currency in the market helps the participants express value for the decision variables. The currency is used as a medium of exchange between the economies of the world. For example if the currency is open, it is generally assumed as a mean to acquire huge amount of goods and services. In such situation, it can be used as an incentive for resource providers to increase their services and vice versa. Thus currency can be used as a medium that allows market to admire those who provide valuable resources to the market. Market system is a platform that provides the investors the set where they can express their desires and holdings. Markets are broadly used to take complex resource allocation decisions. The examples of difficult decision situations can be the wireless spectrum auctions, energy market and airline landing slot exchanges. These are the situations of extreme intricacies where market system has worked effectively in resolving problems. The market system provides scope for those systems that run in parallel and help offer various access to unique resources such as many scientific tools. For example, a situation can be imagined where a physics researcher

Managing for Innovation and Creativity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Managing for Innovation and Creativity - Essay Example Creativity and innovation are complementary values in business management. Creativity refers to an artistic outcome or result of the confluence of psychological and emotional dimension of such desire to ascertain business leverage in the market. Innovation, on the other hand, is effected only when all creative mechanism are maximized to take advantage of the rapidly changing and developing market. Innovative measures and creativity relate to some strategic process to unearth opportunities in unpredictable market. Innovation permeates the interfacing of the organization and its business environment. Such process involved planning which will detail some entrepreneurial conceptual framework; implement them and evaluate results to determine outcomes. Economists explained that every entrepreneur needs to be an innovator to see opportunities in market changes and can reinvent ways to attract customers or clients that will avail offered product or services. This are illustrated in strategie s about (a) how product’s quality is introduced to customers; (b) ideation of new method of production or service to satisfy customer’s needs, (c) developing access or opening doors in new potential market, (d) identification of raw materials suppliers who can offer competitive price for these utilities, and (d) business leadership and management as well as its expertise in managing performance. Such therefore require fundamental knowledge on management, marketing strategies and about business roles in order for a company to contribute economic growth to a nation through creativity and innovation. Meanwhile, creativity is essential in marketing activities: promotion, sell, branding, pricing and in strategically administering sales of products. This is an entrepreneurial skill that requires serious analysis in order for entrepreneurs to adapt to changes and developments. Creativity refers to what is trendy, new and the reinvented processes to challenge traditional and c ustomary business practice. It is about introducing a fresh perspective at products or services for customer acceptance and satisfaction.

Original topic in Advanced MAcroeconomics Essay

Original topic in Advanced MAcroeconomics - Essay Example The balance of payments is usually in deficit. (Adams, 2002, pp. 53-55) A country’s fiscal policy is the mix of government expenditure and revenue collection mechanism in an economy. Historically, governments collect revenues from taxes and their expenditures include public sector expenditures. (Auerbach, 1997, p. 88) A country’s monetary policy is a combination of activities by the state bank or central bank, the government and other financial institutions to control the demand and supply of money and interest rates in an economy. In a nutshell, the effect of each is dependent on the other and that is what the monetary policy aims to control. (Walsh, 2003, pp. 9-12) This case focuses on primarily on monetary policy. To gain a better understanding of how a monetary policy works, we first need to understand its two components i.e. money supply and interest rates. Money supply is generally divided into M1 and M2. Further classifications may also exist. The divisions are based on liquidity of the funds. M1 funds are the most liquid funds and include cash, very short term securities or securities equivalent to cash. M2 funds include those funds which are slightly less liquid than cash like current account deposits. As the liquidity decreases, the number after M increases. In my opinion interest rate is basically the cost of money. It is also the cost of borrowing or the return on investment. Interest rates have two components. The discount rate which is set by the central bank and is the rate at which the central bank lends to commercial banks. The other component is the market interest rate. I believe it differs because of bank’s spreads and their portfolio of customers. In my opinion, the developed nations have always moved towards a relaxed monetary policy as they promote free trade and trade liberalization. In addition the existing well defined systems in these economies allowed for and

List of Fallacies in Argument Essay Example for Free

List of Fallacies in Argument Essay A Formal fallacy is an error in logic that can be seen in the arguments form without requiring an understanding of the arguments content. All formal fallacies are specific types of non sequiturs. * Appeal to probability – takes something for granted because it would probably be the case, (or might possibly be the case). * Argument from fallacy – assumes that if an argument for some conclusion is fallacious, then the conclusion itself is false. * Base rate fallacy – making a probability judgement based on conditional probabilities, without taking into account the effect of prior probabilities. * Conjunction fallacy – assumption that an outcome simultaneously satisfying multiple conditions is more probable than an outcome satisfying a single one of them. * Masked man fallacy (illicit substitution of identicals) – the substitution of identical designators in a true statement can lead to a false one. A Propositional fallacy is an error in logic that concerns compound propositions. For a compound proposition to be true, the truth values of its constituent parts must satisfy the relevant logical connectives which occur in it (most commonly: and, or, not, only if, if and only if). The following fallacies involve inferences whose correctness is not guaranteed by the behavior of those logical connectives, and hence, which are not logically guaranteed to yield true conclusions. Types of Propositional fallacies: * Affirming a disjunct – concluded that one disjunct of a logical disjunction must be false because the other disjunct is true; A or B; A; therefore not B. * Affirming the consequent – the antecedent in an indicative conditional is claimed to be true because the consequent is true; if A, then B; B, therefore A. * Denying the antecedent – the consequent in an indicative conditional is claimed to be false because the antecedent is false; if A, then B; not A, therefore not B. A quantification fallacy is an error in logic where the quantifiers of the premises are in contradiction to the quantifier of the conclusion. Types of Quantification fallacies: * Existential fallacy – an argument has a universal premise and a particular conclusion. Syllogistic fallacies – logical fallacies that occur in syllogisms. * Affirmative conclusion from a negative premise (illicit negative) – when a categorical syllogism has a positive conclusion, but at least one negative premise. * Fallacy of exclusive premises – a categorical syllogism that is invalid because both of its premises are negative. * Fallacy of four terms (quaternio terminorum) – a categorical syllogism that has four terms. * Illicit major – a categorical syllogism that is invalid because its major term is not distributed in the major premise but distributed in the conclusion. * Illicit minor – a categorical syllogism that is invalid because its minor term is not distributed in the minor premise but distributed in the conclusion. * Negative conclusion from affirmative premises (illicit affirmative) – when a categorical syllogism has a negative conclusion but affirmative premises. * Fallacy of the undistributed middle – the middle term in a categorical syllogism is not distributed.[11] Informal fallacies – arguments that are fallacious for reasons other than structural (formal) flaws and which usually require examination of the arguments content. * Argument from ignorance (appeal to ignorance, argumentum ad ignorantiam) – assuming that a claim is true (or false) because it has not been proven false (true) or cannot be proven false (true). * Argument from repetition (argumentum ad nauseam) – signifies that it has been discussed extensively until nobody cares to discuss it anymore. * Argument from silence (argumentum e silentio) – where the conclusion is based on the absence of evidence, rather than the existence of evidence. * Argumentum verbosium – See Proof by verbosity, below. * Begging the question (petitio principii) – the failure to provide what is essentially the conclusion of an argument as a premise, if so required. * (shifting the) Burden of proof (see – onus probandi) – I need not prove my claim, you must prove it is false. * Circular reasoning – when the reasoner begins with what he or she is trying to end up with. * Circular cause and consequence – where the consequence of the phenomenon is claimed to be its root cause. * Continuum fallacy (fallacy of the beard, line-drawing fallacy, sorites fallacy, fallacy of the heap, bald man fallacy) – improperly rejecting a claim for being imprecise. * Correlation proves causation (cum hoc ergo propter hoc) – a faulty assumption that correlation between two variables implies that one causes the other. * Correlative-based fallacies * Suppressed correlative – where a correlative is redefined so that one alternative is made impossible. * Equivocation – the misleading use of a term with more than one meaning (by glossing over which meaning is intended at a particular time). * Ambiguous middle term – a common ambiguity in syllogisms in which the middle term is equivocated. * Ecological fallacy – inferences about the nature of specific individuals are based solely upon aggregate statistics collected for the group to which those individuals belong. * Etymological fallacy – which reasons that the original or historical meaning of a word or phrase is necessarily similar to its actual present-day meaning. * Fallacy of composition – assuming that something true of part of a whole must also be true of the whole. * Fallacy of division – assuming that something true of a thing must also be true of all or some of its parts. * False dilemma (false dichotomy, fallacy of bifurcation, black-or-white fallacy) – two alternative statements are held to be the only possible options, when in reality there are more. * If-by-whiskey – an argument that supports both sides of an issue by using terms that are selectively emotionally sensitive. * Fallacy of many questions (complex question, fallacy of presupposition, loaded question, plurium interrogationum) – someone asks a question that presupposes something that has not been proven or accepted by all the people involved. This fallacy is often used rhetorically, so that the question limits direct replies to those that serve the questioners agenda. * Ludic fallacy – the belief that the outcomes of a non-regulated random occurrences can be encapsulated by a statistic; a failure to take into account unknown unknowns in determining the probability of an events taking place. * Fallacy of the single cause (causal oversimplification) – it is assumed that there is one, simple cause of an outcome when in reality it may have been caused by a number of only jointly sufficient causes. * False attribution – an advocate appeals to an irrelevant, unqualified, unidentified, biased or fabricated source in support of an argument. * Fallacy of quoting out of context (contextomy) – refers to the selective excerpting of words from their original context in a way that distorts the sources intended meaning. * Argument to moderation (false compromise, middle ground, fallacy of the mean) – assuming that the compromise between two positions is always correct. * Gamblers fallacy – the incorrect belief that separate, independent events can affect the likelihood of another random event. If a coin flip lands on heads 10 times in a row, the belief that it is due to land on tails is incorrect. * Historians fallacy – occurs when one assumes that decision makers of the past viewed events from the same perspective and having the same information as those subsequently analyzing the decision.[29] (Not to be confused with presentism, which is a mode of historical analysis in which present-day ideas, such as moral standards, are projected into the past.) * Homunculus fallacy – where a middle-man is used for explanation, this sometimes leads to regressive middle-man. Explanations without actually explaining the real nature of a function or a process. Instead, it explains the concept in terms of the concept itself, without first defining or explaining the original concept. * Inflation Of Conflict The experts of a field of knowledge disagree on a certain point, so the scholars must know nothing, and therefore the legitimacy of their entire field is put to question. * Incomplete comparison – where not enough information is provided to make a complete comparison. * Inconsistent comparison – where different methods of comparison are used, leaving one with a false impression of the whole comparison. * Ignoratio elenchi (irrelevant conclusion, missing the point) – an argument that may in itself be valid, but does not address the issue in question. * Kettle logic – using multiple inconsistent arguments to defend a position. * Mind projection fallacy – when one considers the way he sees the world as the way the world really is. * Moving the goalposts (raising the bar) – argument in which evidence presented in response to a specific claim is dismissed and some other (often greater) evidence is demanded. * Nirvana fallacy (perfect solution fallacy) – when solutions to problems are rejected because they are not perfect. * Onus probandi – from Latin onus probandi incumbit ei qui dicit, non ei qui negat the burden of proof is on the person who makes the claim, not on the person who denies (or questions the claim). It is a particular case of the argumentum ad ignorantiam fallacy, here the burden is shifted on the person defending against the assertion. * Petitio principii – see begging the question. * Post hoc ergo propter hoc Latin for after this, therefore because of this (false cause, coincidental correlation, correlation without causation) – X happened then Y happened; therefore X caused Y. * Proof by verbosity (argumentum verbosium, proof by intimidation) – submission of others to an argument too complex and verbose to reasonably deal with in all its intimate details. (See also Gish Gallop and argument from authority.) * Prosecutors fallacy – a low probability of false matches does not mean a low probability of some false match being found. * Psychologists fallacy – an observer presupposes the objectivity of his own perspective when analyzing a behavioral event. * Red herring – a speaker attempts to distract an audience by deviating from the topic at hand by introducing a separate argument which the speaker believes will be easier to speak to. * Regression fallacy – ascribes cause where none exists. The flaw is failing to account for natural fluctuations. It is frequently a special kind of the post hoc fallacy. * Reification (hypostatization) – a fallacy of ambiguity, when an abstraction (abstract belief or hypothetical construct) is treated as if it were a concrete, real event or physical entity. In other words, it is the error of treating as a real thing something which is not a real thing, but merely an idea. * Retrospective determinism – the argument that because some event has occurred, its occurrence must have been inevitable beforehand. * Shotgun argumentation the arguer offers such a large number of arguments for their position that the opponent cant possibly respond to all of them. (See Argument by verbosity and Gish Gallop, above.) * Special pleading – where a proponent of a position attempts to cite something as an exemption to a generally accepted rule or principle without justifying the exemption. * Wrong direction – cause and effect are reversed. The cause is said to be the effect and vice versa. Faulty generalizations – reach a conclusion from weak premises. Unlike fallacies of relevance, in fallacies of defective induction, the premises are related to the conclusions yet only weakly buttress the conclusions. A faulty generalization is thus produced. * Accident – an exception to a generalization is ignored. * No true Scotsman – when a generalization is made true only when a counterexample is ruled out on shaky grounds. * Cherry picking (suppressed evidence, incomplete evidence) – act of pointing at individual cases or data that seem to confirm a particular position, while ignoring a significant portion of related cases or data that may contradict that position. * False analogy – an argument by analogy in which the analogy is poorly suited. * Hasty generalization (fallacy of insufficient statistics, fallacy of insufficient sample, fallacy of the lonely fact, leaping to a conclusion, hasty induction, secundum quid, converse accident) – basing a broad conclusion on a small sample. * Misleading vividness – involves describing an occurrence in vivid detail, even if it is an exceptional occurrence, to convince someone that it is a problem. * Overwhelming exception – an accurate generalization that comes with qualifications which eliminate so many cases that what remains is much less impressive than the initial statement might have led one to assume. * Pathetic fallacy – when an inanimate object is declared to have characteristics of animate objects. * Thought-terminating clichà © – a commonly used phrase, sometimes passing as folk wisdom, used to quell cognitive dissonance, conceal lack of thought-entertainment, move onto other topics etc. but in any case, end the debate with a cliche—not a point. A Red Herring fallacy is an error in logic where a proposition is, or is intended to be, misleading in order to make irrelevant or false inferences. In the general case any logical inference based on fake arguments, intended to replace the lack of real arguments or to replace implicitly the subject of the discussion. Red herring – argument given in response to another argument, which is irrelevant and draws attention away from the subject of argument. * Ad hominem – attacking the arguer instead of the argument. * Poisoning the well – a type of ad hominem where adverse information about a target is presented with the intention of discrediting everything that the target person says. * Abusive fallacy – a subtype of ad hominem when it turns into name-calling rather than arguing about the originally proposed argument. * Argumentum ad baculum (appeal to the stick, appeal to force, appeal to threat) – an argument made through coercion or threats of force to support position. * Argumentum ad populum (appeal to widespread belief, bandwagon argument, appeal to the majority, appeal to the people) – where a proposition is claimed to be true or good solely because many people believe it to be so. * Appeal to equality – where an assertion is deemed true or false based on an assumed pretense of equality. * Association fallacy (guilt by association) – arguing that because two things share a property they are the same * Appeal to authority – where an assertion is deemed true because of the position or authority of the person asserting it. * Appeal to accomplishment – where an assertion is deemed true or false based on the accomplishments of the proposer. * Appeal to consequences (argumentum ad consequentiam) – the conclusion is supported by a premise that asserts positive or negative consequences from some course of action in an attempt to distract from the initial discussion. * Appeal to emotion – where an argument is made due to the manipulation of emotions, rather than the use of valid reasoning. * Appeal to fear – a specific type of appeal to emotion where an argument is made by increasing fear and prejudice towards the opposin g side. * Appeal to flattery – a specific type of appeal to emotion where an argument is made due to the use of flattery to gather support. * Appeal to pity (argumentum ad misericordiam) – an argument attempts to induce pity to sway opponents. * Appeal to ridicule – an argument is made by presenting the opponents argument in a way that makes it appear ridiculous. * Appeal to spite – a specific type of appeal to emotion where an argument is made through exploiting peoples bitterness or spite towards an opposing party * Wishful thinking – a specific type of appeal to emotion where a decision is made according to what might be pleasing to imagine, rather than according to evidence or reason. * Appeal to motive – where a premise is dismissed by calling into question the motives of its proposer * Appeal to novelty (argumentum ad novitam) – where a proposal is claimed to be superior or better solely because it is new or modern. * Appeal to poverty (argumentum ad Lazarum) – supporting a conclusion because the arguer is poor (or refuting because the arguer is wealthy). (Opposite of appeal to wealth.) * Appeal to tradition (argumentum ad antiquitam) – a conclusion supported solely because it has long been held to be true. * Appeal to nature wherein judgement is based solely on whether the subject of judgement is natural or unnatural. For example (hypothetical): Cannabis is healthy because it is natural * Appeal to wealth (argumentum ad crumenam) – supporting a conclusion because the arguer is wealthy (or refuting because the arguer is poor). (Sometimes taken together with the appeal to poverty as a general appeal to the arguers financial situation.) * Argument from silence (argumentum ex silentio) – a conclusion based on silence or lack of contrary evidence. * Bulverism (Psychogenetic Fallacy) inferring why an argument is being used, associating it to some psychological reason, then assuming it is invalid as a result. It is wrong to assume that if the origin of an idea comes from a biased mind, then the idea itself must also be a false. * Chronological snobbery – where a thesis is deemed incorrect because it was commonly held when something else, clearly false, was also commonly held * Genetic fallacy – where a conclusion is suggested based solely on something or someones origin rather than its current meaning or context. * Judgmental language – insulting or pejorative language to influence the recipients judgment * Naturalistic fallacy (is–ought fallacy, naturalistic fallacy) – claims about what ought to be on the basis of statements about what is. * Reductio ad Hitlerum (playing the Nazi card) – comparing an opponent or their argument to Hitler or Nazism in an attempt to associate a position with one that is universally reviled (See also – Godwins law) * Straw man – an argument based on misrepresentation of an opponents position. * Texas sharpshooter fallacy – improperly asserting a cause to explain a cluster of data. * Tu quoque (you too, appeal to hypocrisy) – the argument states that a certain position is false or wrong and/or should be disregarded because its proponent fails to act consistently in accordance with that position. * Two wrongs make a right – occurs when it is assumed that if one wrong is committed, another wrong will cancel it out. Conditional or questionable fallacies * Black swan blindness – the argument that ignores low probability, high impact events, thus down playing the role of chance and under-representing known risks. * Broken window fallacy – an argument which disregards lost opportunity costs (typically non-obvious, difficult to determine or otherwise hidden) associated with destroying property of others, or other ways of externalizing costs onto others. For example, an argument that states breaking a window generates income for a window fitter, but disregards the fact that the money spent on the new window cannot now be spent on new shoes. * Definist fallacy – involves the confusion between two notions by defining one in terms of the other. * Naturalistic fallacy – attempts to prove a claim about ethics by appealing to a definition of the term good in terms of either one or more claims about natural properties (sometimes also taken to mean the appeal to nature) or Gods will. * Slippery slope (thin edge of the wedge, camels nose) – asserting that a relatively small first step inevitably leads to a chain of related events culminating in some significant impact/event that should not happen, thus the first step should not happen. While this fallacy is a popular one, the it is, in its essence, an appeal to probability fallacy. (e.g if person x does y then z would (probably) occur, leading to q, leading to w, leading to e.)

Digital Camera Technology Advances

Digital Camera Technology Advances Technology surrounds every single individual and is effecting both work and leisure activities of human life. The information which is in Technology educate people and influence their mind in good and bad ways where in it allows to share information which otherwise not be able to attain. Technology is the principle driving force of the future as many numbers of new Technologies have been found and released into the market. Technology has been improving in a very fast and effective way that it has changed the daily lives of the mankind in many aspects like their healthcare, education, jobs, and even in their leisure activities. People have always seen for a better ways to meet their needs and to satisfy their expectations and Technology has made it done for them. One such aspect of these Technologies we are talking about in this part is about the Digital Camera. The first digital camera that has recorded images as a computerized file was Fuji DS-1P in 1988 and the first commercially available digital camera of this generation is Dycam Model1 which was introduced in 1990 this has used the CCD image sensor, connected with the computers and stored the images digitally. In 1991 Kodak DCS-100 was introduced which designed photography in a professional way and was also used in film bodies. The movement of turning into digital happened with the formation of the JPEG, MPEG standards in 1988 which allowed image and video files to be compressed for storage. The first camera which has the ability to record and store video clips was Ricoh RDC-1 in 1995. In 1997 the first megapixel camera has been introduced in the market for consumers. Digital cameras are better than the usual Cameras in many aspects such like digital camera can display image immediately after it is recorded, can store any number of images depending on the memory card in it, we can record sound along with the video and can also delete the images if necessary. Some digital cameras have got better functions like they can crop the picture and can perform reasonable image editing. Basically they operate similar to that of a movie camera where it uses lens with different diaphragm to focus light onto the image pickup device. The shutter mechanism and the right diaphragm are used to capture the right amount of light to the image. The only difference between this is that a digital camera use to pickup device electronically rather than in chemical way. Many digital cameras are comparable to a 35 mm camera in price without the extra added cost of buying or developing film. A digital camera is similar in nature to a Polaroid camera in which the picture is instantly available for viewing and use by the photographer A digital camera helps its users to download the images onto their PC with special software which would be included with the camera where in other normal cameras We need to store the images in a floppy or a disk and then have to insert that into a PC and then store them. The Images can be edited using special software, can be sent to loved ones, can be printed, faxed and etc. It makes the Computer users to make the photographs or the images digitally rather than keeping or storing them on traditional film. Digital Images are far better than that of the Film images. The reason is that the image once captured will by default be in a format which can be shared and used easily. For example we can insert the images into a word processing documents, print them or send them by e-mail or post them on web sites. With most digital cameras we can see our images immediately on the small LCD screen behind the camera or we can also connect the camera to our TV and can make a slide show of it. From a Professional point of view Digital photography is the future of photography. The benefits a digital camera produce are many. This is due to the overwhelming popularity of technology and its advancement as well as the speed of advancement to mention here are a few: By going in a digital way we can save money in terms of long run since we need not buy the rolls of film and need not pay for developing them. Nowadays Time plays a major factor on everyones life. By going digital way we can save a lot of time as we need not go to the lab to drop the films and pick the photographs. We can see our images instantly without much delay and if the images are good its fine or if they are bad we can delete the image and take a new one instead of getting disappointed when we got to know that the photographs taken came bad. Digital cameras do not use toxic chemicals which often end up in flowing down the drains and into lakes from there. There are three steps of Digital Photography: 1) Capturing The first step in digital photography is to get a digital image and there is more than one way to do this. Digital still cameras capture photographs in a digital format. Film cameras capture photographs on slides, negatives, or prints which you can then scan to convert them to digital photographs. Video cameras capture images in a video format. You can then use a frame grabber to isolate out individual frames and save them as still images. Digital video cameras sometimes are able to capture still images just like a digital still camera. You can also use a video-editing program to extract individual frames from the digital video. 2) Editing Crop the photograph to emphasize the key part. Reduce the size of the photograph to make it smaller for posting on the Web or e-mailing. Use filters to sharpen it or even make it look like a watercolor or oil painting. Stitch together multiple frames to create panoramas. Merge two images to create a 3D stereo effect or an animated image for display on the Web. Change brightness and contrast or expand the tonal range to improve the image. Cut and paste parts of one image into another to create a photo montage. Convert the photograph to another format 3) Sharing Print the image on a color printer. Insert the photograph into a word processing or desktop publishing document. Post the photograph on a photo sharing Web site or a blog. E-mail the photograph to friends or family members. Send the photo to a service on the Web for prints, or to have the images printed as a bound book or onto T-shirts, posters, key rings, mouse pads, even cakes and cookies. Store the photograph on your system for later use. Create slide shows that play on a DVD player connected to the TV or a DVD drives in a computer. http://www.shortcourses.com/guide/guide1-2.html Social Applications of using a Digital camera: Digital photography has given a new way of design for shopping that is people can buy their requirements by browsing the web sites and by viewing their desired products which are digitally photographed and loaded into the sites. They can simply browse through hundreds of pictures on the Internet and pick and choose from the ones that really interest them. By this people can save their time instead going through to find the right place and price for their desired products. Create insurance records: Digital cameras are very much useful when it comes to the visual inventory of insurances. using digital cameras enable us to create not only the overall view of the objects but gives a detailed view as well while creating visual references of collections and any important physical assets. Create Graphics for Web sites: Digital cameras capture images electronically which allows us to take our own images and graphics for our web site or blogs if we have one. Create Digital Photographic Art: People can get creative and make their own screen savers, photo montages, wall papers etc when they combine their digital images with a renowned photo editing softwares (like: Adobe Photoshop). Record an Event or Meeting We can record an event or an important meeting using a digital camera. Nowadays most of the Businesses take Photography as their best way to create an Impact on their Customers. Digital Cameras have made Photography easier and are used almost in every Business in todays world to mention a few: Because of their convenience and affordability, digital cameras have a wide range of uses as an instructional tool as it allows teachers to evaluate other teachers in the field through the use of digital cameras and provide relevant lessons to hearing impaired students Realtors: Realtors use digital photography as their major strategy to advertise houses, properties and apartments to attract the Customers. Artists: Professional artists can capture images for their promotional stuff and also for web distribution. Journalists: A Journalists duty is to collect information. Through digital camera a Journalist can not only collect but can also capture information in a more effective way. Tour Guides: Tour guides can attract more customers and can present their place in a better way by taking Images of the locations nearby and pasting them in their broachers or web sites which is a way of effective communication. Interior Designers: Interior designers can reflect their work and attract more customers by capturing good images of their work, and can also provide different other views for their customers. Medical: In the context of the healthcare field you can imagine how a 12 mega pixel Digital Camera can create photos where clarity of x-rays, ultra-sounds and other images are critical. In the context of the military or field engineers, they ability to see clear satellite images of objects on the ground is very important. Lastly Digital cameras are very easy to use without much use of the Computers. These are some of the features and the ability to share the images instantly with anyone, anywhere in this world makes digital photography so attractive.

Powerful Parallels and Deep Divides: Pluralism in The Poem of the Cid a

Both The Poem of the Cid and The Song of Roland were written in a time period where great new developments were occurring in Europe, but none more crucial than the rise of the Crusades and the ethnocentric viewpoint they propagated and were propagated by (Quinn). Of great interest is the manner in which both works deal with the nature of pluralism in European history. For the sake of this essay, pluralism will be defined simply as a state of more than one. Both works, written at approximately the same time (1130-1170 for The Song of Roland and aproximately 1207 for The Poem of the Cid, as per the book's forewords) have powerful parallels and stark contrasts, which when put in context are incredibly revealing of their respective author's/culture's attitudes about economic, cultural, and religious pluralism. An often overlooked place to begin evaluating these stories lies in their depictions of economic systems. The Song of Roland depicts a system that is primarily based on the giving of tribute, namely exotic gifts and treasure; clearly shown when Blancandrin counsels Marsilla to achieve peace with Charlemagne by promising him â€Å"bears and lions and dogs, 700 hundred camels and a thousand moulted hawks† (Burgess, page 30). However, it is important to note that the concept of paying with money is not entirely absent from the novel, â€Å"you will have enough gold bezants to pay your mercenaries well† (Burgess, page 33). Thus, one realizes that in The Song of Roland that two economic systems exist. The dominant system is the giving of gifts in the form of tribute to one's betters or equals like Marsile to Charlemagne, and then the less important/common payment of money to one's inferiors a la Charlemagne to his mercenaries. We can fin... ...hat were occurring there, namely the Crusades. However, subtle nuances and seemingly minor differences between the two works reveal two very different cultures, a deeply orientalist and unforgiving Frankish perspective represented by The Song of Roland that stands in stark contrast The Poem of the Cid and its diverse and relatively accepting Spanish ideal of â€Å"convivencia† that embraced pluralism in its many forms. Bibliography: Burgess, Glyn S.  The Song of Roland. London, England: Penguin, 1990. Print. Hamilton, Rita, Janet H. Perry, and Ian Michael.  The Poem of the Cid. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1984. Print. Quinn, William. "The Crusades 1&2." 8 and 13 March 2012. Lecture. Quinn, William. â€Å"Cantar del mio Cid Campeador.† 3 April 2012. Lecture Kahf, â€Å"Medieval Spain, Competing Narratives.† 27 March 2012. Lecture

Hevea brasiliensis:The Rubber Tree :: Botany

Hevea brasiliensis:The Rubber Tree During the Age of Exploration many people were sent out to seek unknown plant species that might serve as raw material, remedy, or ornament. Of all the great feats of that era of botanical discovery, none was more imposing than that of the domestication of rubber. New World inhabitants had shown rubber, which they obtained from several tropical plant species, to early explorers, including Columbus. Since it was an unstable product, it remained for more than three centuries a mere curiosity. Then, in 1839, it was found that through treatment with sulfur and heat (vulcanization), rubber's elastic properties could be made more permanent. (1) Hevea brasiliensis is the source of virtually all the world's rubber production. Cutting the bark of this tree releases the latex which is then collected, preserved, and stabilized. The latex is located in the inner bark of the tree and flows in the vessels of the tree. Latex is thought to be a defense against insect predators for the tree. (1) Hevea brasiliensis was first found in the Amazon basin. The rubber trade became a mainstay of the Brazilian economy, providing at its height almost 40 % of its export revenues. It was not long before the idea was conceived of domesticating rubber. However, Brazil was not the site of the successful commercialization of rubber. Rubber cultivation was, instead, transferred to Southeast Asia. Soon abundant and cheap, rubber was put to thousands of uses. Its reduced cost was an important factor in the emergence of a mass market of automobiles; from two-thirds to three-quarters of the demand for rubber soon came from the makers of tires and tubes for motor vehicles. (1) After tires, latex products, footwear, belts and hoses, and wire cables are the most important uses for rubber. (3) Rubber is harvested in Africa, Central and South America, and in Asia, the latter accounting for greater than 90% of production. There are 11 species of Hevea. Hevea brasiliensis is a member of the Euphorbiaceae family (spurge family). Although not limited to the Euphorbiaceae, latex production is one of its distinguishing characteristics. (7) The plants of the Euphorbiaceae family are mostly monoecious herbs, shrubs, and trees, sometimes succulent and cactus-like, and comprise one of the largest families of plants with about 300 genera and 7,500 species that are further characterized by the frequent occurrence of milky sap. (6) The flowering and pollination of the Hevea brasiliensis tree are also distinguishing characteristics of this plant.

Accounting

A company is considering the following alternatives: Alternative Alternative 2 Revenues $120,000 $120,000 Variable Costs S 60,000 $60,000 Fixed costs $35,000 $35,000 Which of the following are relevant in choosing between the alternatives? 2. ) Adler Company manufactures a product with the following costs: unit Variable Cost $50 Unit Fixed Cost $24 Total Cost per unit $74 The company normally sells 10,000 units at a price of $88 each. Adler has a one-time opportunity to sell an additional 3,000 units at $70 each in a foreign market, which would not affect its present sales.If the company has sufficient capacity to produce the additional units, acceptance of the special order would affect net income as follows: 3. ) If a company must expand capacity to accept a special order, it is likely that there will be 4. ) May company produces 1,000 units of a necessary component with the following costs: Direct Materials $48,000 Direct Labor $32,000 Variable overhead $8,000 axed overhead $14,00 0 May Company could avoid $6,000 in fixed overhead costs if it acquires the components externally.If cost minimization is the major consideration and he company would prefer to buy the components, what is the maximum external purchase price that May Company would accept to acquire at 1 ,OOH units externally? 5. ) A company has a process that results in 500 drums of Chemical L that can be sold for $300 per drum. An alternative would be to process Chemical L further at a cost of $25,000 and then sell it for $380 per drum. Should management sell Chemical L now or should Chemical L be processed further and then sold? What is the effect of the action? 6. The focus of a sell or process further decision 7. A company is considering replacing old equipment with new equipment. Which of the following is a relevant cost for incremental analysis? 8. ) A company has several product lines, one of which reflect the following results: Sales $400,000 variable costs $275,000 Contribution Margin $1 25, 000 axed expenses$200,ooh Net loss -$75,000 If this product line is eliminated, 80% of the fixed expenses can be eliminated and the other 20% will be allocated to other product lines. If management decides to eliminate this product line, the company's net income will 9.Using compound interest, if you deposit $1 ,OOH each year in an account paying 7% interest, approximately how much will have in that account in five years? 10. ) A company is considering an investment, which will return lump savings of $150,000 four years from now. If they require a 10% return, what is the most they should pay for in the investment? 1 1 The internal rate of return is the interest rate that causes 12. ) A company is considering investing in a project, which will cost $1 75,000, and last for 5 years. Annual net income will be $45,000 and annual cash flow ill be $50,000.What is the payback period from†¦? 13. ) If a project has equal annual cash flows, its cash payback period is computed by dividing the cost of the capital investment by the 14. ) Paschal Company is considering the acquisition of new equipment at a cost of $1 , 700,000. The company's accountants have provided the following additional information about the project for your analysis: Annual net income $360, 000 Net annual cash flow $390,000 Estimated useful life 7 years If the company has established a required rate f return of 1 1 what is the approximate net present value of the equipment acquisition? 5. ) Your analysis of a project under consideration by Davenport Company reveals the following expected performance over it expected three year useful life: Net Income Cash Flow Year 1 year 2 Year 3 535,000 $40,000 $45,000 $50,000 555,000 $60,000 This project has a cost of $110,000 and Davenport has established a discount (hurdle) rate of 9%. What is the approximate net present value of the project? 16. ) Complete the statement: Intangible benefits in capital budgeting 17. ) You are evaluating the financial characte ristics:Project A Project B Net present value $50,000 exclusive projects which have the following $75,000 Initial investment $200,000 $400,000 project life 4 years 4 years Which project will be accepted? 18. ) Hinges Hardware is evaluating a new retail location and its accountants have prepared some information for your review. Their analysis has established that the new location will costs S 1 , 500,000 and generate net present value of $100,000 using a discount rate of 10%. What is the profitability index for this project? 19. ) Roan, Inc. S analyzing the acquisition of new equipment, which will cost 50,000. Accountants have determined that this equipment will have a five- year useful lifer and in each year generate net income of $1 2,800 and operating cash flow of $14,200. The company requires a 10% return on invested capital. What is the approximate AIR of this equipment acquisition? 20. ) In most cases, prices are set by the 21 Which of the following is not considered a limitat ion of cost-plus pricing? 22. ) Downing company produces a high-resolution computer monitor.The following information is available for this product: Fixed cost per unit $50 Variable cost per unit $150 Total cost per unit $200 Downing expects to sell 10,000 units per year. The company has decided to price its monitors to earn a 14% return on its investment of $8,000,000 What is the target-selling price per monitor? 23. ) Assuming the selling division has available capacity, a negotiated transfer price should be a maximum of 24. ) The Burnett Company's Crystal Division normally sells its product for $24 per unit. Accounting A company is considering the following alternatives: Alternative Alternative 2 Revenues $120,000 $120,000 Variable Costs S 60,000 $60,000 Fixed costs $35,000 $35,000 Which of the following are relevant in choosing between the alternatives? 2. ) Adler Company manufactures a product with the following costs: unit Variable Cost $50 Unit Fixed Cost $24 Total Cost per unit $74 The company normally sells 10,000 units at a price of $88 each. Adler has a one-time opportunity to sell an additional 3,000 units at $70 each in a foreign market, which would not affect its present sales.If the company has sufficient capacity to produce the additional units, acceptance of the special order would affect net income as follows: 3. ) If a company must expand capacity to accept a special order, it is likely that there will be 4. ) May company produces 1,000 units of a necessary component with the following costs: Direct Materials $48,000 Direct Labor $32,000 Variable overhead $8,000 axed overhead $14,00 0 May Company could avoid $6,000 in fixed overhead costs if it acquires the components externally.If cost minimization is the major consideration and he company would prefer to buy the components, what is the maximum external purchase price that May Company would accept to acquire at 1 ,OOH units externally? 5. ) A company has a process that results in 500 drums of Chemical L that can be sold for $300 per drum. An alternative would be to process Chemical L further at a cost of $25,000 and then sell it for $380 per drum. Should management sell Chemical L now or should Chemical L be processed further and then sold? What is the effect of the action? 6. The focus of a sell or process further decision 7. A company is considering replacing old equipment with new equipment. Which of the following is a relevant cost for incremental analysis? 8. ) A company has several product lines, one of which reflect the following results: Sales $400,000 variable costs $275,000 Contribution Margin $1 25, 000 axed expenses$200,ooh Net loss -$75,000 If this product line is eliminated, 80% of the fixed expenses can be eliminated and the other 20% will be allocated to other product lines. If management decides to eliminate this product line, the company's net income will 9.Using compound interest, if you deposit $1 ,OOH each year in an account paying 7% interest, approximately how much will have in that account in five years? 10. ) A company is considering an investment, which will return lump savings of $150,000 four years from now. If they require a 10% return, what is the most they should pay for in the investment? 1 1 The internal rate of return is the interest rate that causes 12. ) A company is considering investing in a project, which will cost $1 75,000, and last for 5 years. Annual net income will be $45,000 and annual cash flow ill be $50,000.What is the payback period from†¦? 13. ) If a project has equal annual cash flows, its cash payback period is computed by dividing the cost of the capital investment by the 14. ) Paschal Company is considering the acquisition of new equipment at a cost of $1 , 700,000. The company's accountants have provided the following additional information about the project for your analysis: Annual net income $360, 000 Net annual cash flow $390,000 Estimated useful life 7 years If the company has established a required rate f return of 1 1 what is the approximate net present value of the equipment acquisition? 5. ) Your analysis of a project under consideration by Davenport Company reveals the following expected performance over it expected three year useful life: Net Income Cash Flow Year 1 year 2 Year 3 535,000 $40,000 $45,000 $50,000 555,000 $60,000 This project has a cost of $110,000 and Davenport has established a discount (hurdle) rate of 9%. What is the approximate net present value of the project? 16. ) Complete the statement: Intangible benefits in capital budgeting 17. ) You are evaluating the financial characte ristics:Project A Project B Net present value $50,000 exclusive projects which have the following $75,000 Initial investment $200,000 $400,000 project life 4 years 4 years Which project will be accepted? 18. ) Hinges Hardware is evaluating a new retail location and its accountants have prepared some information for your review. Their analysis has established that the new location will costs S 1 , 500,000 and generate net present value of $100,000 using a discount rate of 10%. What is the profitability index for this project? 19. ) Roan, Inc. S analyzing the acquisition of new equipment, which will cost 50,000. Accountants have determined that this equipment will have a five- year useful lifer and in each year generate net income of $1 2,800 and operating cash flow of $14,200. The company requires a 10% return on invested capital. What is the approximate AIR of this equipment acquisition? 20. ) In most cases, prices are set by the 21 Which of the following is not considered a limitat ion of cost-plus pricing? 22. ) Downing company produces a high-resolution computer monitor.The following information is available for this product: Fixed cost per unit $50 Variable cost per unit $150 Total cost per unit $200 Downing expects to sell 10,000 units per year. The company has decided to price its monitors to earn a 14% return on its investment of $8,000,000 What is the target-selling price per monitor? 23. ) Assuming the selling division has available capacity, a negotiated transfer price should be a maximum of 24. ) The Burnett Company's Crystal Division normally sells its product for $24 per unit. Accounting Accounting Require: Choose the best answer for these questions as below: (40 marks) 1. Which of the following costs would be classified as a period cost? a) Direct labor. b) Direct materials. c) Factory overhead. d) Selling expenses. 2. Costs that rise and fall proportionately with the volume of output are often referred to as: a) variable costs. b) flexible costs. c) idle capacity costs. d) uncontrollable costs. 3. If Company A has a higher proportion of fixed costs relative to variable costs than Company B: a) Company A has a higher break-even point than Company B. b) Company A is more sensitive to changes in sales than Company B. ) Company A has greater risk compared to Company B. d) All of the above are true. 4. The margin of safety ratio is: Page 1 /3 a) higher for a company with lower operating leverage. b) lower for a company with lower operating leverage. c) is not affected by operating leverage. d) is increased by a greater proportion of variable to fixed costs. 5. If unit sales are $1 2, variable costs are $7. 20 per unit and fixed costs are $24,000 what is the contribution ratio per unit? a) 50% b) 60% c) 40% d) 70% 6. A cost that has already been incurred and cannot be changed is called a(an): a) opportunity cost. ) sunk cost. c) joint cost. d) out of Pocket cost. 7. The human resources department of a large company would be considered: a) a cost center. b) a profit center. c) an investment center. d) a revenue center. 8. The primary difference between profit centers and cost centers is that: a) profit centers generate revenue. b) cost centers incur costs. c) profit centers are evaluated using return on investment criteria. d) profit centers provide services to other centers in the organization. ANSWER 1. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 5 . †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 2. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 6 . †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 3. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 7 . †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 4. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 8 . â⠂¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. II.The Gong Company produces and sells three types of jigsaws, variable speed (A), single speed (B) and variable speed with auto-scrolling (C). Budgeted data is given below: Sales Mix as a Proportion Product Sales Price Variable cost Per Unit of Total Sales Dollars A B C $30 20 40 $15 12 30 Budgeted total fixed costs are $700,000. Page 2 /3 10% 50% 40% Required: (40 marks) 1) Calculate the break-even point in sales dollars for each product based on the budgeted sales mix. 2) Determine the sales dollars of each product needed to generate a budgeted after tax profit of $245,000, assume a 30 % tax rate. ) Determine the sales dollars of each product needed to generate a 14. 5% budgeted return on sales dollars after taxes, a ssume a 30% tax rate. 4) Assuming total sale revenues are $2,500,000; calculate the operating leverage of the Gong Company. Give your idea about this operating leverage. If sales revenue increases by 10%, how will operating profit c hange? III. Henson Company produces golf discs which it normally sells to retailers for $7 each. The cost of manufacturing 20,000 golf discs is: Materials $10,000 Labor 24,000 Variable overhead 20,000 Fixed overhead 50,000Total $104,000 Henson also incurs 5% sales commission ($0. 35) on each disc sold. Wood Corporation offers Henson $4. 75 per disc for 4,000 discs. Wood would sell the discs under its own brand name in foreign markets not yet served by Henson. If Henson accepts the offer, its fixed overhead will increase from $50,000 to $55,000 due to the purchase of a new imprinting machine. No sales commission will result from the special order. Required: (20 marks) 1) Prepare a differential a nalysis for the special order. 2) Should Henson accept the special order? Why or why not? The end Page 3 /3 Accounting Accounting A company is considering the following alternatives: Alternative Alternative 2 Revenues $120,000 $120,000 Variable Costs S 60,000 $60,000 Fixed costs $35,000 $35,000 Which of the following are relevant in choosing between the alternatives? 2. ) Adler Company manufactures a product with the following costs: unit Variable Cost $50 Unit Fixed Cost $24 Total Cost per unit $74 The company normally sells 10,000 units at a price of $88 each. Adler has a one-time opportunity to sell an additional 3,000 units at $70 each in a foreign market, which would not affect its present sales.If the company has sufficient capacity to produce the additional units, acceptance of the special order would affect net income as follows: 3. ) If a company must expand capacity to accept a special order, it is likely that there will be 4. ) May company produces 1,000 units of a necessary component with the following costs: Direct Materials $48,000 Direct Labor $32,000 Variable overhead $8,000 axed overhead $14,00 0 May Company could avoid $6,000 in fixed overhead costs if it acquires the components externally.If cost minimization is the major consideration and he company would prefer to buy the components, what is the maximum external purchase price that May Company would accept to acquire at 1 ,OOH units externally? 5. ) A company has a process that results in 500 drums of Chemical L that can be sold for $300 per drum. An alternative would be to process Chemical L further at a cost of $25,000 and then sell it for $380 per drum. Should management sell Chemical L now or should Chemical L be processed further and then sold? What is the effect of the action? 6. The focus of a sell or process further decision 7. A company is considering replacing old equipment with new equipment. Which of the following is a relevant cost for incremental analysis? 8. ) A company has several product lines, one of which reflect the following results: Sales $400,000 variable costs $275,000 Contribution Margin $1 25, 000 axed expenses$200,ooh Net loss -$75,000 If this product line is eliminated, 80% of the fixed expenses can be eliminated and the other 20% will be allocated to other product lines. If management decides to eliminate this product line, the company's net income will 9.Using compound interest, if you deposit $1 ,OOH each year in an account paying 7% interest, approximately how much will have in that account in five years? 10. ) A company is considering an investment, which will return lump savings of $150,000 four years from now. If they require a 10% return, what is the most they should pay for in the investment? 1 1 The internal rate of return is the interest rate that causes 12. ) A company is considering investing in a project, which will cost $1 75,000, and last for 5 years. Annual net income will be $45,000 and annual cash flow ill be $50,000.What is the payback period from†¦? 13. ) If a project has equal annual cash flows, its cash payback period is computed by dividing the cost of the capital investment by the 14. ) Paschal Company is considering the acquisition of new equipment at a cost of $1 , 700,000. The company's accountants have provided the following additional information about the project for your analysis: Annual net income $360, 000 Net annual cash flow $390,000 Estimated useful life 7 years If the company has established a required rate f return of 1 1 what is the approximate net present value of the equipment acquisition? 5. ) Your analysis of a project under consideration by Davenport Company reveals the following expected performance over it expected three year useful life: Net Income Cash Flow Year 1 year 2 Year 3 535,000 $40,000 $45,000 $50,000 555,000 $60,000 This project has a cost of $110,000 and Davenport has established a discount (hurdle) rate of 9%. What is the approximate net present value of the project? 16. ) Complete the statement: Intangible benefits in capital budgeting 17. ) You are evaluating the financial characte ristics:Project A Project B Net present value $50,000 exclusive projects which have the following $75,000 Initial investment $200,000 $400,000 project life 4 years 4 years Which project will be accepted? 18. ) Hinges Hardware is evaluating a new retail location and its accountants have prepared some information for your review. Their analysis has established that the new location will costs S 1 , 500,000 and generate net present value of $100,000 using a discount rate of 10%. What is the profitability index for this project? 19. ) Roan, Inc. S analyzing the acquisition of new equipment, which will cost 50,000. Accountants have determined that this equipment will have a five- year useful lifer and in each year generate net income of $1 2,800 and operating cash flow of $14,200. The company requires a 10% return on invested capital. What is the approximate AIR of this equipment acquisition? 20. ) In most cases, prices are set by the 21 Which of the following is not considered a limitat ion of cost-plus pricing? 22. ) Downing company produces a high-resolution computer monitor.The following information is available for this product: Fixed cost per unit $50 Variable cost per unit $150 Total cost per unit $200 Downing expects to sell 10,000 units per year. The company has decided to price its monitors to earn a 14% return on its investment of $8,000,000 What is the target-selling price per monitor? 23. ) Assuming the selling division has available capacity, a negotiated transfer price should be a maximum of 24. ) The Burnett Company's Crystal Division normally sells its product for $24 per unit.

Accounting Hw

House of Organs, Inc. , purchases organs from a well-known manufacturer and sells them at the retail level. The organs sell, on the average, for $2,500 each. The average cost of an organ from the manufacturer is $1,500. House of Organs, Inc. , has always kept careful records of its costs. The costs that the company incurs in a typical month are presented below in the form of a spreadsheet: Costs Cost Formula Selling: Advertising . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $950 per month Delivery of organs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $60 per organ sold Sales salaries and commissions . . . . . . . . . $4,800 per month, plus 4% of sales Utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $650 per month Depreciation of sales facilities . . . . . . . . . . $5,000 per month Administrative: Executive salaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $13,500 per month Depreciation of office equipment . . . . . . . $900 per month Clerical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $2,500 per month, plus $40 per organ sold Insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $700 per month During November, the company sold and delivered 60 organs. Required: 1. Prepare an income statement for November using the traditional format with costs organized by function. 2. Redo (1) above, this time using the contribution format with costs organized by behavior. Show costs and revenues on both a total and a per unit basis down through contribution margin. 3. Refer to the income statement you prepared in (2) above.Why might it be misleading to show the fixed costs on a per unit basis? SOLUTION 1. | |House Of Organs, Inc. | | |Income Statement | | |For the Month Ended November 30 | | | | | | | |Sales (60 organs ? 2,500 per organ) | |$150,000 | | |Cost of goods sold | |  Ã‚  Ã‚  90,000 | | |(60 organs ? 1,500 per organ) | | | | |Gross margin | |60,000 | | |Selling and administrative expenses: | | | | |Selling expenses: | | | | |Adv ertising |$  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  950 | | | |Delivery of organs |3,600 | | | |(60 organs ? $60 per organ) | | | | |Sales salaries and commissions |10,800 | | | |[$4,800 + (4% ? 150,000)] | | | | |Utilities |650 | | | |Depreciation of sales facilities |  Ã‚  Ã‚  5,000 | | | |Total selling expenses |  21,000 | | | |Administrative expenses: | | | | |Executive salaries |13,500 | | | |Depreciation of office equipment |900 | | | |Clerical |4,900 | | | |[$2,500 + (60 organs ? 40 per organ)] | | | | |Insurance |  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  700 | | | |Total administrative expenses |  20,000 | | | |Total selling and administrative expenses | |  Ã‚  Ã‚  41,000 | | |Net operating income | |$? 19,000 | |2. | | | |House Of Organs, Inc. | |Income Statement | | |For the Month Ended November 30 | | | | | | | | |Total |Per Unit | | |Sales (60 organs ? $2,500 per organ) |$150,000 |$2,500 | | |Variable expenses: | | | | |Cost of goods sold |90,000 |1,500 | | |(60 organs ? 1,500 per organ) | | | | |D elivery of organs |3,600 |60 | | |(60 organs ? $60 per organ) | | | | |Sales commissions (4% ? $150,000) |6,000 |100 | | |Clerical (60 organs ? $40 per organ) |  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2,400 |  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  40 | |Total variable expenses |  102,000 |  1,700 | | |Contribution margin |  Ã‚  48,000 |$  Ã‚  800 | | |Fixed expenses: | | | | |Advertising |950 | | | |Sales salaries |4,800 | | | |Utilities |650 | | | |Depreciation of sales facilities |5,000 | | | |Executive salaries |13,500 | | | |Depreciation of office equipment |900 | | | |Clerical |2,500 | | | |Insurance |  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  700 | | | |Total fixed expenses |  Ã‚  Ã‚  29,000 | | | |Net operating income |$  19,000 | | 3. Fixed costs remain constant in total but vary on a per unit basis with changes in the activity level. For example, as the activity level increases, fixed costs decrease on a per unit basis. Showing fixed costs on a per unit basis on the income statement make them appear to be variable costs. That is, management might be misled into thinking that the per unit fixed costs would be the same regardless of how many organs were sold during the month. For this reason, fixed costs should be shown only in totals on a contribution-type income statement.

Book Review Bachelor Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Book Review Bachelor - Essay Example Thus, Crossing the Border is generally acknowledged by scholars as a fundamental book that chronicles the history of Buxton, one of the most successful all-black settlements in nineteenth-century Canada. In her work, Sharon A. Roger Hepburn traces the evolution of educational institutions, businesses, and political structures in Buxton in the mid-1800s and the focus of the author is on the degree to which black settlers achieved autonomy and the control over their lives in a hostile white environment. The author undertakes an important study of Buxton, Ontario, through a comprehensive study of the manuscripts, newspapers, census records, deeds, maps, and other materials and she is effective in recreating a detailed story of the Black Canadian community through the lives of individual people. According to the author, the Black Canadian community, roughly twelve miles south Chatham, close to the shores of Lake Erie in Raleigh Township, Kent Country, espoused freedom and hope for the fu ture and accepted blacks who were single, married, and widowed; young and old; male and female; freeborn and fugitive. "This study chronicles Buxton from its conception and founding through its first decade. A group of individuals, united in their determination to build a heaven for those fleeing slavery and repressive legal statutes, formed themselves into a community that offered social and economic opportunity. Overcoming initial opposition from neighboring whites and backed by the Presbyterian Church of Canada and philanthropic Canadians of both races, Buxton grew steadily in population and stature." (Hepburn, 1) Therefore, Hepburn provides a convincing account of the Black Canadian community settlement in Buxton, Ontario, and she is effective in explaining why Buxton succeeded when other settlements failed. A careful reading of Crossing the border: A free Black community in Canada by Sharon A. Roger Hepburn confirms that the author eloquently traces the development of Buxton from its conception and founding, and her main focus is to give an explanation for its status as the 'most successful all-black community established in Canada before the U.S. Civil War.' In her attempt to establish the point that the Black Canadian community was the most successful all-black community established in Canada, the author compares this community with similar communities in Canad

Training and Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Training and Development - Essay Example Re-training is crucial for baby boomers, because it will help to avoid labour market crisis and slow growth. Following Dohm, "The current tight labor market situation could be exacerbated, hindering prospects for economic growth and putting a greater burden on those remaining in the workforce, perhaps forcing them to work longer hours" (Dohm, 2000, p. 17). There is, therefore, a continual need for the process of staff development, and training fulfils an important part of this process. Retraining should be viewed, therefore, as an integral pan of the process of social policy. Critics point out that many unions are recognising the importance of training in relevant skills for baby boomers to sustaining the job security of their members. As a result they are seeking to bring training more centrally into the collective bargaining arena, with the setting up of joint training agreements. For some employers this may be an important route to developing a joint approach to managing change. Among the recommendations is that public and private sectors should develop the line managers' contribution to training. Without re-training an... Training and development activities are important to both public and private sectors, but which may not arise as a development need because public and private sectors have been attending to it rather well. The need for re-training might only show up in the assessments if organizations stopped doing it. These may be in part things that individuals believe are desirable for the development of their own careers, routine things which line managers see as important to improve an individual's performance, and in some cases perceptions of needs which do not really exist, because of a change in the situation that neither the individual nor the line manager knew about. Today, the main task of federal agencies is to identify the gap in training and technological changes, to classify it by level and category, and to attach estimates of the numbers of people involved. Categories might include: Immediate requirements driven by organizational needs; Longer-term organizational needs (including such things as induction initiatives); Short-term remedial needs of individuals; Career development needs of individuals; Things individuals would like to do, but which have no direct corporate benefit. It is predicted that: "there will also be an increased need for employment-related services by persons between the ages of 45 and 54, below the SCSEP age level of 55" (Poulos, Nightingale, 2005). These suggestions can help to identify some of the issues that should be considered by public and private sectors when making their own policies. Economists mention that it is difficult to provide and develop a universal solution which will immediately fit every organization, but re-training policies is the best way to overcome labour shortage